Expanding the genetic code.
نویسندگان
چکیده
Although chemists can synthesize virtually any small organic molecule, our ability to rationally manipulate the structures of proteins is quite limited, despite their involvement in virtually every life process. For most proteins, modifications are largely restricted to substitutions among the common 20 amino acids. Herein we describe recent advances that make it possible to add new building blocks to the genetic codes of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Over 30 novel amino acids have been genetically encoded in response to unique triplet and quadruplet codons including fluorescent, photoreactive, and redox-active amino acids, glycosylated amino acids, and amino acids with keto, azido, acetylenic, and heavy-atom-containing side chains. By removing the limitations imposed by the existing 20 amino acid code, it should be possible to generate proteins and perhaps entire organisms with new or enhanced properties.
منابع مشابه
Expanding the genetic code for site-specific labelling of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein and building biotin-functionalized virus-like particles.
A method for site-specific and high yield modification of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein (TMVCP) utilizing a genetic code expanding technology and copper free cycloaddition reaction has been established, and biotin-functionalized virus-like particles were built by the self-assembly of the protein monomers.
متن کاملExpanding the Genetic Code of Lactococcus lactis and Escherichia coli to Incorporate Non-canonical Amino Acids for Production of Modified Lantibiotics
Citation: Bartholomae M, Baumann T, Nickling JH, Peterhoff D, Wagner R, Budisa N and Kuipers OP (2018) Expanding the Genetic Code of Lactococcus lactis and Escherichia coli to Incorporate Non-canonical Amino Acids for Production of Modified Lantibiotics. Front. Microbiol. 9:657. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00657 Expanding the Genetic Code of Lactococcus lactis and Escherichia coli to Incorporate No...
متن کاملExpanding the Genetic Code of an Animal
Genetic code expansion, for the site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins, is currently limited to cultured cells and unicellular organisms. Here we expand the genetic code of a multicellular animal, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
متن کاملA new code for life
336 One of the apparent certitudes in the life sciences is the universality of the genetic code: four nucleotides specify 64 triplet codons to encode the 20 amino acids from which all organisms synthesize proteins. But this certainty is no longer guaranteed. Several research groups have succeeded in expanding the genetic code of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms by adding non-natural am...
متن کاملBacteriophages use an expanded genetic code on evolutionary paths to higher fitness
Bioengineering advances have made it possible to fundamentally alter the genetic codes of organisms. However, the evolutionary consequences of expanding an organism's genetic code with a noncanonical amino acid are poorly understood. Here we show that bacteriophages evolved on a host that incorporates 3-iodotyrosine at the amber stop codon acquire neutral and beneficial mutations to this new am...
متن کاملOptimization of a Container Ship Dimensions Using Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm Method
Today, marine transportation has a significant role in global trade. The characteristics of the containerized shipping have made the number of container ships grow every day and made significant improvements in the construction and operation of these ships. In this research, the main dimensions of a container ship are optimized according to different objectives. This optimization aims to reduc...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
عنوان ژورنال:
- Annual review of biophysics and biomolecular structure
دوره 35 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2002